Four Creation Cosmologies

by D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.
Creation Ministries International

Many people are familiar with a creation cosmology I introduced in 1994 in my book, Starlight and Time, and illustrated in a computer-animated DVD with the same title a few years later. But fewer people know about a second creation cosmology I outlined in a technical article in 2008. Both theories have a cosmos with a center — something the Big Bang cosmos doesn’t have. The presence of a center allows both of my theories to use time dilation (time stretching) effects from Einstein’s general theory of relativity to get light from distant galaxies to earth in one ordinary-length day, the fourth day of creation.

Both cosmologies went through peer review in creationist scientific publications. The first passed review in 1994 to get into the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism (Appendices B and C of Starlight and Time reprint the two articles). The cosmology then survived hostile criticism from non-creationists in a scientific debate published in the Journal of Creation from 1997 through 2000.

The foundations of the second cosmology went through peer review in two technical articles published in the Journal of Creation in 2007 and 2008. I haven’t yet written a book explaining the details for non-scientists, but I did summarize it in an Internet article in 2009. I consider this second cosmology to be not only better than my first one, but also easier to understand.

Dr. John Hartnett has also introduced two peer-reviewed relativistic creation cosmologies, and he also likes his second one better than his first. His second one, now in a book, appears at first glance to be based on an entirely different foundation (the Carmeli metric) than my second one (the Humphreys metric). But we jointly discovered a few years ago that his foundation and mine are almost the same. The one difference is that his foundation has an additional term that would be important on the first day of creation, when God apparently started up the expansion of space. After the first day, the two cosmologies overlap each other in many features.

So there are now four young-universe creation cosmologies that use relativity. I expect, and hope, that there will be more, because the more theories we have to choose from, the more likely one of them will be correct!